Mpox in Nigeria: A Public Health Challenge Amid Global Health Emergency

Nigeria is currently grappling with a public health challenge as new cases of mpox have been reported, raising concerns across the nation. The Nigeria Center for Disease Control and Prevention (NCDC) has recorded 39 cases so far this year, prompting heightened surveillance and control measures. Mpox, primarily an animal disease, can be transmitted to humans and is endemic in several African countries. This year alone, over 2,800 cases have been reported in Africa, resulting in more than 500 deaths. The Nigerian government is considering vaccination plans for high-risk populations to curb the spread of this virus.

Olayinka Badmus from Breakthrough Action Nigeria has highlighted that the new strain of mpox poses a higher risk, with symptoms including fever, muscle pain, and sore throat. The rash associated with this strain is widespread and particularly affects children. Moreover, the new strain has a higher transmission rate between humans, making it imperative for the NCDC to ramp up its response efforts. Public health experts are stressing the importance of awareness and seeking medical attention if experiencing symptoms, as early detection and treatment are crucial in managing the outbreak.

The outbreak is mainly affecting the states of Bayelsa, Cross River, Ogun, and Lagos. While there have been no reported deaths in Nigeria so far, the situation remains critical. People are advised to avoid contact with potentially infected animals and practice good hygiene. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently declared mpox a global health emergency, underscoring the urgency of coordinated efforts to contain the virus. Mpox is a rare viral zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans, and preventive measures are key in controlling its spread.

The Bayelsa State Government is taking proactive steps to prevent the spread of mpox within its borders. The Commissioner for Health, Seiyefa Brisibe, reported 83 suspected cases and 5 confirmed cases of mpox in the state, with no deaths so far. In response to the global increase in mpox cases, the government has devised a comprehensive strategy focusing on surveillance, prevention, and community engagement. This includes detecting and isolating suspected cases and training healthcare workers in diagnostic, treatment, and prevention skills.

Education efforts through radio, social media, and community forums are being implemented to inform residents about mpox and how to prevent it. The state is also providing personal protective equipment (PPE) to healthcare facilities to protect workers and support response efforts. These measures are critical in safeguarding healthcare workers who are at the frontline of the battle against mpox. The government is urging residents to stay informed and ahead of the curve by keeping updated on developments related to mpox.

The International Rescue Committee (IRC) is also playing a significant role in combating and treating the spread of mpox in other parts of Africa, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Burundi. The WHO has declared the mpox outbreak a public health emergency, with the DRC recording over 12,000 cases and 447 deaths between January and mid-July 2024. The IRC is increasing its efforts to prevent the spread of the disease and help those affected recover, providing humanitarian services in over 40 crisis-affected countries around the world.

Mpox can be transmitted through contact with infected individuals or animals, or contact with contaminated materials. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) warns that certain populations, such as those with weakened immune systems, are at higher risk for mpox. Displaced populations face additional risks due to lack of access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare facilities. The IRC is closely monitoring the spread of the disease and has launched responses in the DRC and Burundi, with preparations underway to scale up responses in countries like Kenya and Uganda.

In Nigeria, the NCDC’s Director General, Jide Idris, provided a briefing on the situation, confirming 39 cases of mpox across 33 states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The states with the highest number of cases include Bayelsa, Cross River, Ogun, Lagos, Ondo, and Ebonyi. No deaths have been recorded yet, but the number of suspected cholera cases has also been increasing nationwide, particularly among children under five years old. Open defecation is believed to be a leading cause of the outbreak, highlighting the need for improved sanitation and hygiene practices.

Prevention strategies and case management measures are being enhanced to address the situation. The National Mpox Technical Working Group is coordinating response activities, and the NCDC is providing guidance to protect public health. The virus can also be transmitted through contact during sexual activity, making it essential for the public to follow infection prevention and control measures such as washing hands frequently and avoiding contact with infected animals. Community support and cooperation are vital in containing the outbreak and preventing further spread.

The WHO’s declaration of mpox as a public health emergency of international concern has prompted Nigeria to intensify its surveillance and control measures. The government is working to make vaccines available, although they have not yet arrived. Public health experts are emphasizing the importance of awareness and preventive measures in containing the outbreak. By staying informed and following recommended guidelines, individuals can play a crucial role in protecting themselves and their communities from mpox.

As Nigeria continues to navigate this public health challenge, the collaboration between government agencies, healthcare workers, and the public is essential. The procurement of PPE for healthcare facilities, the implementation of educational campaigns, and the consideration of vaccination plans for high-risk populations are all steps in the right direction. However, sustained efforts and vigilance are required to ensure that the spread of mpox is effectively controlled and that the health and well-being of the population are safeguarded.

In conclusion, the mpox outbreak in Nigeria highlights the importance of a coordinated and comprehensive approach to public health emergencies. With the support of international organizations like the WHO and the IRC, as well as the commitment of the Nigerian government and healthcare workers, there is hope that the outbreak can be contained. Public awareness, preventive measures, and timely medical intervention are key components in the fight against mpox. By working together, Nigeria can overcome this challenge and protect the health of its citizens.