Reviving the Tasmanian Tiger: A Genetic Odyssey to De-Extinction

The discovery of a well-preserved Tasmanian tiger head, colloquially known as the ‘head in a bucket’, in a Melbourne museum has sparked renewed interest and significant advancements in the field of de-extinction. This specimen, forgotten in a cupboard for decades, contains long RNA molecules, a rare find that is crucial for reconstructing the genome of the thylacine, or Tasmanian tiger. The presence of these RNA molecules, despite their inherent fragility compared to DNA, offers researchers invaluable insights into the physical traits and biological functions of this extinct marsupial. This breakthrough is pivotal for an international team of scientists working on bringing back the thylacine, which was once Australia’s only marsupial apex predator before being hunted to extinction in the 1930s.

Leading the charge in this ambitious project is Colossal, a Texas-based biotechnology company also involved in efforts to resurrect other extinct species like the woolly mammoth and the dodo. With substantial funding and a workforce of 155 employees, along with partnerships with 13 global laboratories, Colossal is at the forefront of de-extinction technology. The company’s co-founder and CEO, Ben Lamm, is optimistic about making extinction a relic of the past, aiming to bring the thylacine back to the wild within a few years. This goal is bolstered by recent breakthroughs, including the production of the highest quality ancient genome with minimal gaps and the development of artificial reproductive technologies for marsupials.

The thylacine’s relatively recent extinction makes it a prime candidate for de-extinction, supported by well-preserved specimens available in museums and research centers. The project’s scientists have achieved a near-complete genome, boasting a 99.9% accuracy rate, with only 45 gaps remaining. This genome, assembled using advanced sequencing technologies akin to those used for the human genome, provides a comprehensive blueprint for recreating the thylacine. Additionally, the extracted RNA from preserved specimens offers deeper understanding of the thylacine’s genetics, including its senses, brain function, and diet, further informing the de-extinction process.

Central to Colossal’s approach is the use of gene editing techniques on the thylacine’s closest living relative, the fat-tailed dunnart, to create a creature resembling the thylacine. This involves making over 300 genetic edits to dunnart cells, inducing ovulation, and growing embryos outside the womb, akin to human IVF techniques. Such advancements in assisted reproductive technologies not only aid the thylacine project but also hold potential for conservation efforts of other endangered marsupials. The ability to induce ovulation and culture embryos from the fat-tailed dunnart, for instance, could benefit captive breeding programs for species like the critically endangered Tasmanian devils.

Despite these scientific strides, the project faces skepticism and ethical debates. Critics argue that resources could be better allocated to conserving currently threatened species and their habitats. There are also concerns about the ecological implications of reintroducing thylacine-like animals into environments that may no longer support them. Furthermore, some scientists view de-extinction as ‘fairy tale science’, given the technical challenges involved. However, proponents believe that the research and technological advancements made through such projects can still significantly benefit conservation efforts for other species at risk of extinction.

Professor Andrew Pask, leading the thylacine research, acknowledges the complexities involved but remains hopeful about the project’s potential. He predicts that a ‘thylacine-looking thing’ could be born within three to five years, although it may not be a true thylacine. The project has also attracted high-profile supporters, including actors Luke and Chris Hemsworth, who provide both vocal and financial backing. This support underscores the cultural and scientific significance of the endeavor, highlighting the broader discussions it has sparked about the ethics and feasibility of bringing extinct species back to life through genetic engineering.

The thylacine de-extinction project is more than just an attempt to resurrect a lost species; it represents a broader effort to combat the global extinction crisis. By leveraging cutting-edge genetic technologies, Colossal and its collaborators aim to preserve biodiversity and restore ecological balance in Tasmania, where the thylacine once played a crucial role. The project has already led to the creation of the first induced pluripotent stem cell lines for quolls, another marsupial species, which will be essential for developing genetic resistance to threats like the cane toad toxin.

Colossal’s scientific advisory board, including experts like Beth Shapiro and Andrew Pask, is instrumental in guiding the project towards success. Their work has already yielded significant insights into the genetic basis for the thylacine’s unique physical characteristics, such as its jaw and skull structure. By identifying and manipulating the genetic regions responsible for these traits, the team hopes to recreate a viable thylacine-like organism that can thrive in its natural habitat. These efforts are complemented by the development of an artificial uterus device, which could revolutionize marsupial reproduction and conservation strategies.

The de-extinction project has also highlighted the importance of collaboration between scientific institutions and local communities. In Tasmania, stakeholders are actively involved in discussions about the potential reintroduction of the thylacine and its implications for the local ecosystem. This engagement ensures that the project aligns with conservation goals and addresses the concerns of those directly impacted by the thylacine’s return. By fostering a collaborative approach, Colossal aims to ensure that the thylacine’s reintroduction contributes positively to Tasmania’s biodiversity and ecological health.

While the path to de-extinction is fraught with challenges, the potential benefits of successfully resurrecting the thylacine are immense. Beyond restoring a lost species, the project could pave the way for similar efforts to save other endangered animals, using the lessons learned and technologies developed along the way. The thylacine’s revival could serve as a symbol of hope and resilience, demonstrating humanity’s capacity to correct past mistakes and safeguard the future of our planet’s diverse ecosystems.

Ultimately, the thylacine de-extinction project is a testament to the power of scientific innovation and collaboration in addressing one of the most pressing environmental issues of our time. By pushing the boundaries of what is possible, Colossal and its partners are not only working to bring back a beloved species but also contributing to a broader movement aimed at preserving the planet’s rich tapestry of life. As the project progresses, it will undoubtedly continue to inspire debate, curiosity, and hope for a future where extinction is no longer an inevitability but a challenge to be overcome.

In conclusion, the journey to bring back the Tasmanian tiger is as much about scientific exploration as it is about ethical considerations and ecological responsibility. As researchers inch closer to achieving de-extinction, they must navigate the complex interplay of technological possibilities, conservation priorities, and societal values. The thylacine project serves as a powerful reminder of the delicate balance between innovation and stewardship, urging us to consider the profound impact of our actions on the natural world and the legacy we wish to leave for future generations.